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☛ subject-verb-object
☛ of adjectives appearing after nouns
☛ and of the lack of a copula ['to be']
dictionary!! & phrases!!
nouns.
Animate vs. Inanimate nouns.
Accusative nouns are most typically used when a noun becomes the object of a sentence.
Genitive nouns are mostly used when the noun has a possessorship over of something. Plural and singular do not differ in genitive case.
Animate Nouns
☛ Words ending in the agentive suffix: /-(a)k/
☛ Words ending in the collective suffixes: /-(a)sar/, /-(e)ser/, /-(i)sir/ or /-(o)sor/
☛ Infinitive of verbs when they act as nouns.
☛ For animate nouns the plural is marked with an /-i/ when the noun ends in a consonant and /-si/ when the noun ends in a vowel.
☛ The accusative case is denoted by the suffix /-es/ for singular nouns, regardless of what letter the noun ends in. For plurals the accusative is /-is/, if the noun stem ends in consonant, and /-es/ (the same as the singular), if the noun stem ends in vowel. There is a rare irregularity that affects a few animate noun accusatives: if an animate noun stem end with two vowels, last of which is i, in accusative the i changes to y. [ I.E. mai → mayes; lei → leyes ]
☛ The genitive is formed by adding the suffix /-(s)i/ to the end of the word.
Inanimate Nouns
☛ Words ending in the diminutive suffix: /-i/ or /-sh/ (note that both word endings are common and not always diminutives)
☛ Words ending in the augmentative suffix: /-(s)of/
☛ Words formed by the nominalizing circumfix: /ath- -(z)ar/
☛ Words ending in geminate and the meronymic suffix: /-(e)ya/
☛ Words ending in the resultive suffix /-(i)kh/
☛ Words formed as compounds.
☛ Are the same in singular and plural
☛ For inanimate nouns the accusative form is simply the bare stem of the word. In most cases, if the noun ends in a consonant, the word is the stem as-is. If it ends in a vowel, the final vowel is stripped off. In some cases, an /-e/ is added if vowel-stripped form is changed by epenthesis. Thus, the nominative os is also os in the accusative.
☛ The genitive case is formed by adding the suffix /-i/ to the stem of the noun.
☛ of adjectives appearing after nouns
☛ and of the lack of a copula ['to be']
dictionary!! & phrases!!
nouns.
Animate vs. Inanimate nouns.
Accusative nouns are most typically used when a noun becomes the object of a sentence.
Genitive nouns are mostly used when the noun has a possessorship over of something. Plural and singular do not differ in genitive case.
Animate Nouns
☛ Words ending in the agentive suffix: /-(a)k/
☛ Words ending in the collective suffixes: /-(a)sar/, /-(e)ser/, /-(i)sir/ or /-(o)sor/
☛ Infinitive of verbs when they act as nouns.
☛ For animate nouns the plural is marked with an /-i/ when the noun ends in a consonant and /-si/ when the noun ends in a vowel.
☛ The accusative case is denoted by the suffix /-es/ for singular nouns, regardless of what letter the noun ends in. For plurals the accusative is /-is/, if the noun stem ends in consonant, and /-es/ (the same as the singular), if the noun stem ends in vowel. There is a rare irregularity that affects a few animate noun accusatives: if an animate noun stem end with two vowels, last of which is i, in accusative the i changes to y. [ I.E. mai → mayes; lei → leyes ]
☛ The genitive is formed by adding the suffix /-(s)i/ to the end of the word.
Inanimate Nouns
☛ Words ending in the diminutive suffix: /-i/ or /-sh/ (note that both word endings are common and not always diminutives)
☛ Words ending in the augmentative suffix: /-(s)of/
☛ Words formed by the nominalizing circumfix: /ath- -(z)ar/
☛ Words ending in geminate and the meronymic suffix: /-(e)ya/
☛ Words ending in the resultive suffix /-(i)kh/
☛ Words formed as compounds.
☛ Are the same in singular and plural
☛ For inanimate nouns the accusative form is simply the bare stem of the word. In most cases, if the noun ends in a consonant, the word is the stem as-is. If it ends in a vowel, the final vowel is stripped off. In some cases, an /-e/ is added if vowel-stripped form is changed by epenthesis. Thus, the nominative os is also os in the accusative.
☛ The genitive case is formed by adding the suffix /-i/ to the stem of the noun.
